Słowa kluczowe
naprawa
efektywność ekologiczna
gospodarka cyrkularna
Abstrakt
Protecting the environment and the role of sustainability is becoming a global issue. Consumer law has been identified as a regulatory area which can have a substantial influence over the degree of adverse environmental impact of commerce. Consequently, the European Commission strives to adjust the EU legal framework to effectively contribute to the development of ecologically efficient behaviour on the consumer market. The EU legislator has acknowledged the need for a holistic approach to the greening of consumer law, but the attention of the legislator has tended to focus on specific issues, i.a. discussion on planned obsolescence, and chosen institutions, i.a. repair.
In contrast to focusing purely on one specific aspect of consumer sales law, we pursue a holistic revision of the recent Sale of Goods Directive 2019 771 with the aim to illustrate how this Directive could be revised to be ecologically efficient.
We have identified areas in the SGD which require regulatory attention if they were to align with the ecological efficiency considerations. We revised and redrafted the current SGD provisions to improve the Directive contribution to sustainable development. This has resulted in rephrasing of certain provisions, such as conformity requirements, but also fundamentally reshaping the design of certain EU approaches, especially the hierarchy of remedies and direct liability of producer.
Bibliografia
Apple (UK): Certified Refurbished.
Amazon (UK): Shop Like-New Refurbished Products on Amazon Renewed.
Bach I., Wobbeking M.: Das Haltbarkeitserfordernis der Warenkauf-RL als neuer Hebel für mehr Nachhaltigkeit, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2020.
Bańczyk W.: Economic and Social Development in the Republic of South Africa s New Model of Mineral Rights: Balancing Private Ownership, Community Rights, and Sovereignty (in:) P. Szwedo, R. Peltz-Steele, D. Tamada (eds), Law and Development. Balancing Principles and Values, Singapore 2019.
Beckers A.: Environmental Protection meets Consumer Sales: The Influence of Environmental Market Communication on Consumer Contracts and Remedies, European Review of Private Law 2018, Vol. 14.
Carvalho J. M.: Planned Obsolescence Challenging the Effectiveness of Consumer Law and the Achievement of a Sustainable Economy. The Apple and Samsung Cases, European Consumer and Market Law 2018, Issue 6.
Carvalho J. M.: Sale of Goods and Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services - Overview of Directives 2019 770 and 2019 771, Journal of European Consumer and Market Law 2019, Issue 5.
Carvalho J. M.: The Premature Obsolescence of the New Deal for Consumers, Journal of European Consumer and Market Law 2021, Issue 3.
Commission, A new Circular Economy Action Plan, COM(2020) 98 final, 11 March 2020.
Commission, Closing the Loop - An EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy, COM (2015) 614 final, 2 December 2015.
Commission, New Consumer Agenda, COM (2020) 696 final, 13 November 2020.
Croon-Gestefeld J.: Die nachhaltige Beschaffenheit der Kaufsache, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2022, number 8,
de Franceschi A.: Planned Obsolescence challenging the Effectiveness of Consumer Law and the Achievement of a Sustainable Economy, Journal of European Consumer and Market Law 2018, Issue 6.
Ekardt F.: Theorie der Nachhaltigkeit, Baden-Baden 2021.
Estifanos J.: The EU's Sale of Goods Directive: A Sustainable (Consumer Goods) Sales Law, Transformacje Prawa Prywatnego 2022, No. 2.
EU Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies. Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Protection Legislation, How can sustainable consumption and longer lifetime of products be promoted through consumer protection legislation, PE 648.769, Luxemburg 2020.
European Law Institute, Response to European Commission s Public Consultation on Sustainable Consumption of Goods - Promoting Repair and Reuse.
Fischer C., Moch K., Prakash S., Teufel J., Stieß I., Kresse S., Birzle-Harder, B.: Nachhaltige Produkte - attraktiv fur Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher?: Eine Untersuchung am Beispiel von elektronischen Kleingeraten, Funktionsbekleidung, Mobeln und Waschmitteln (in:) Umweltbundesamt (Ed.), Dessau-Rosslau 2019.
Gozet B., Wilts H., Manshoven S., Bakas I.: Progress towards preventing waste in Europe: the textile case (in:) EEA Report No 15 2021 (Ed.), Luxemburg 2021.
Hellgardt A., Jouannaud V.: Nachhaltigkeitsziele und Privatrecht, Archiv fur die civilistische Praxis 2022, Issue 2.
Kryla-Cudna K.: Sales Contracts and the Circular Economy, European Review of Private Law 2020, No. 6.
Meysner A., Urios J.: The right to repair Addressing social and environmental spillovers in the electrical and electronic equipment sector, Institute for European Environmental Policy 2022.
Mattei U., Quarta A.: Contract Law (in:) The Turning Point in Private Law. Ecology, Technology and the Commons, Camberley 2018.
Michel A.: La Directive 1999 44 CE Sur La Garantie Des Biens de Consommation: Un Remede Efficace Contre l obsolescence Programmee?, Revue Europeenne de Droit de La Consommation 2016, No. 2.
Micklitz H.W.: Squaring the Circle Reconciling Consumer Law and the Circular Economy, Journal of European Consumer & Market Law 2019, No. 8.
Nystrom T., Diener D.: A companion for the design of future-adaptable products (in:) RISE Research Institutes of Sweden (Ed.), Gothenburg 2018.
Park I.-U., Grout P. A.: Competitive planned obsolescence, RAND Journal of Economics 2000, No. 2.
Poncibo C.: The Contractualisation of Environmental Sustainability, European Review of Consumer Law 2016, No. 12.4.
Podszun R.: Procedural autonomy and effective consumer protection in sale of goods liability: Easing the burden for consumers (even if they aren t consumers). Comment on Case C-497 13 Froukje Faber v. Autobedrijf Hazet Ochten BV, Judgment of the Court of Justice (First Chamber) of 4 June 2015, Journal of European Consumer and Market Law 2015, No. 4.
Południak-Gierz K.: Eco-reasonableness. Possibility of incorporating green principles into general private law clauses, (in:) M. Heidemann, M. Andenas (Ed.), Quo vadis commercial contract Reflections on sustainability, ethics and technology in the emerging law and practice of global commerce, Springer 2022 (in press)
Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directives 2005 29 EC and 2011 83 EU as regards empowering consumers for the green transition through better protection against unfair practices and better information, COM(2022) 143 final.
Refurbed, Deine Vorteile bei refurbed.
Response of ACT, The App Association to the European Commission s call for evidence for an impact assessment on a legislative initiative Sustainable consumption of goods - promoting repair and reuse.
Rudenauer I., Prakash S.: Okonomische und okologische Auswirkungen einer Verlangerung der Nutzungsdauer von elektrischen und elektronischen Geräten. Am Beispiel von Smartphones, Notebooks, Waschmaschinen, Fernsehgerate und E-Bikes (Pedelecs) (in:) Oko-Institut e.V. (Ed.), Freiburg 2020.
Schirmer J.-E.: Nachhaltigkeit in den Privatrechten Europas, Zeitschrift fur Europaisches Privatrecht 2021, Issue 1.
Sustainable consumption of goods. Promoting repair and reuse. Factual summary. Open Public Consultation.
Šajn N.: Briefing: Sustainable consumption. Helping consumers make eco-friendly choices.
Techniek Nederland, UNETO-VNI Tabel met gemiddelde Gebruiksduurverwachtingen.
Terryn E.: A Right to Repair Towards Sustainable Remedies in Consumer Law, European Review of Private Law 2019, No. 4.
Terryn E.: The New Consumer Agenda: A Further Step Toward Sustainable Consumption, Journal of European Consumer and Market Law 2021, Issue 1.
Terryn E., Van Gool E.: The Role of European Consumer Regulation in Shaping the Environmental Impact of E-Commerce, Journal of European Consumer and Market Law 2021, Issue 3.
Thorun C., Dekeulenaer F.: Behavioural study on consumers engagement in the circular economy: Final report, 2018.
Umweltbundesamt, Konsum der privaten Haushalte.
United Nations General Assembly, The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Valant J.: Planned obsolescence: Exploring the issue, European Parliamentary Research Service, 2016,
Van Gool E., Michel A.: The New Consumer Sales Directive 2019 771 and Sustainable Consumption: A Critical Analysis, Journal of European Consumer and Market Law 2021, Issue 4.
Van Weelden E., Mugge R., Bakker C.: Paving the way towards circular consumption: exploring consumer acceptance of refurbished mobile phones in the Dutch market, Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, volume 113.
Weiss E.B.: In Fairness To Future Generations and Sustainable Development, American University International Law Review 1992, No. 8.1.
Wereśniak-Masri I.: Prawo do czystego środowiska i prawo do czystego powietrza jako dobra osobiste, Monitor Prawniczy 2018, No. 17.
Wiewiórowska-Domagalska A., Zoll F., Południak-Gierz K., Bańczyk W.: Transpozycja dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady UE 2019 771 z dnia 20 maja 2019 r. w sprawie niektórych aspektów umów sprzedaży towarów, Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego 2021, No. 4.
Zoll F.: Ekologiczne prawo sprzedaży - bardzo wstępne uwagi (in:) Księga jubileuszowa Prof. dr. hab. Adama Brzozowskiego, K. Bilewska, D. Krekora-Zając (eds), Warszawa 2021.
Zoll F., Południak-Gierz K., Bańczyk W.: Sustainable consumption and circular economy in the Directive 2019 771, Pravovedenie 2020, No. 4.
Zoll F.: Rękojmia. Odpowiedzialność sprzedawcy, Warszawa 2018.