Forum Prawnicze
type: channel
description: Forum Prawnicze ma służyć wzbogacaniu i urozmaicaniu debaty publicznej w podstawowych spra-wach dotyczących naszego państwa oraz rządów prawa. Dwumiesięcznik powstał jako otwarte forum dla wszystkich przedstawicieli nauk prawnych oraz praktyki prawniczej, którzy chcą podejmować zagadnienia istotne dla Polski, naszego społeczeństwa, jej porządku prawnego, jak również miejsca Ojczyzny we wspólnocie europejskiej i światowej. Chcemy zabierać głos w sprawach ważnych i aktualnych, poszukiwać rozwiązań kluczowych dla polskiego prawa i naszego państwa oraz wskazywać w właściwe – naszym przekonaniu – kierunki ich rozwoju. Żywimy szczerą nadzieję ożywić dyskusję prawników z krajów Europy Środkowej, w szczególności Grupy Wyszehradzkiej. Pragniemy wspólnie podejmować refleksję nad tym, jak w konkretnych rozwiązaniach prawnych urzeczywistniać wartości podstawowe, charakterystyczne dla kultury prawnej Zachodu, zakorzenione w prawie rzymskim, dorobku realistycznej filozofii Greków oraz chrześcijańskiej tradycji. Na czele rysuje się tu szacunek dla każdego człowieka i jego godności, zasad solidarności, pomocniczości oraz dobra wspólnego. Chcemy, by wyróżniającym nas wkładem w naukę prawa było ogłaszanie drukiem prac wyróżniających się innowacyjnością metod przyjętych za podstawę refleksji prawniczej.
publisher: Fundacja Utriusque Iuris
language: pl
publication name: Forum Prawnicze
issn: 2081-688X
items: Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Szczecinie z dnia 25 maja 2023 r. (sygn. II AKa 6/23)
items: Zjawisko sharentingu jako źródło refleksji nad zakresem władzy rodzicielskiej a koniecznością ochrony wizerunku dziecka
items: Czy prawo francuskie może stanowić wzór dla regulacji realizacji zabezpieczeń na dobrach cyfrowych?
items: Przedmiot nadzoru administracyjnego nad sądownictwem - propozycja reinterpretacji instytucji
items: Fenomen tak zwanych zabójczych przejęć jako wyzwanie prawa konkurencji - w poszukiwaniu istoty zjawiska
items: Aspekty prawne zastosowania sztucznej inteligencji w zrównoważonej żegludze morskiej
items: Konne zaprzęgi do Morskiego Oka a prawnokarna ochrona zwierząt - kilka uwag na tle występku znęcania się nad zwierzętami
items: Profesor doktor habilitowany Fryderyk Zoll starszy (1824-1917)
items: Paschalis Stanisław Mancini - myśl prawna i polityczna wobec wydarzeń końca XIX wieku
items: Podstawy prawne działalności inwestycyjnej banków
items: Między sądem a dialogiem: alternatywne rozwiązywanie sporów administracyjnych w świetle standardów Rady Europy
items: Prawo a życzliwość. Czy charakter można nakazać?
items: O statusie prawnym osoby wykonującej pracę niewidzialną
items: Tymczasowy charakter przywrócenia pracownika do pracy - transformacje
items: Obalenie domniemania, że do sprawcy przestępstwa należy mienie osoby trzeciej stanowiące korzyść pochodzącą z przestępstwa
items: The Application of Artificial Intelligence-Based Decision-Assisting Tools to the Mediation Process - an Analysis of Risk and Opportunities
items: The Influence of Valtazar Bogišić on the Process of Japanese Civil Law Codification
items: New Agreement on the Law of the Sea: Implementation of the Principle of Common Heritage of Humankind?
items: The Spurious Precedent of High Trees (1947): Excessive Judicial Law-Making in English Law
items: Inability to Bear Arbitration Costs as a Basis for Court's Refusal to Enforce Arbitration Agreement. Commentary on the Supreme Court Decision of 19 January 2024, case II CSKP 897/22
items: New Prospects for Wealth Management in Poland? General Characteristics of the Family Foundation under the Act of 26 January 2023
items: Adoption and the European Convention on Human Rights Law - Mapping Problems an Challenges
items: A New Life for Actio Popularis in International Law? The Prevention and Punishment of Genocide as an Interest of "the International Community as a Whole" before the International Court of Justice
items: Ogólnopolska konferencja naukowa "Kodyfikacja prawa zobowiązań w Polsce międzywojennej. Wzorzec i kontynuacja we współczesnym prawie polskim, litewskim i ukraińskim"
items: Zasady ogólne postępowania administracyjnego a sprawa ze sprzeciwu od decyzji kasacyjnej. Glosa do wyroku NSA z 15 lipca 2021 r., III OSK 5112/21
items: Analiza zasadności poglądu o ponoszeniu przez podmiot dotujący odpowiedzialności deliktowej za udzielenie dotacji oświatowej w zaniżonej wysokości
items: Teoria przeszczepów prawnych jako paradygmat prawa porównawczego
items: Zasady stanowienia prawa a uchwalanie zmian w kodyfikacjach karnych w latach 2020-2022
items: Kilka uwag w kwestii celu dyrektywy sygnalizacyjnej 2019/1037 i jej zrównoważonego charakteru
items: Reforma systemu kauzalności w prawie francuskim

Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Szczecinie z dnia 25 maja 2023 r. (sygn. II AKa 6/23)
type: item
description: The thesis of the commented judgment of the Court of Appeal in Szczecin of May 25, 2023 (II AKa 6/23) refers to criminal liability for a crime committed by the perpetrator while intoxicated. The gloss comments on the fiction on which the construction provided for in Article 31 § 3 of the Penal Code was based and to which the Court of Appeal in Szczecin refers in the voted judgment. The study expresses approval of the position relating to the general assumptions on which liability for a crime committed in a state of intoxication is based. The key issue was also the awareness of the person getting into a state of intoxication, as well as his or her condition at the time of the act, compared by the Court of Appeal in Szczecin with that of a fully conscious person.
subject: Glosy
  topic: section
subject: stan odurzenia
  topic: keywords
subject: zawinienie na przedpolu czynu zabronionego
  topic: keywords
subject: świadomość
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Golonka
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
doi: 10.32082/fp.2(86).2025.1321

Zjawisko sharentingu jako źródło refleksji nad zakresem władzy rodzicielskiej a koniecznością ochrony wizerunku dziecka
type: item
description: The article analyses legal aspects of the phenomenon of sharenting - any publication of photographs of minors by their parents on social media. In the age of technological development, sharenting becomes a serious problem that threaten children and their privacy. In addition to pointing out the origins of the concept itself and its scale, the study assesses the current legislation, as against the backdrop of the phenomenon indicated, the autonomy of parents in raising their child clashes with the need to protect the child's privacy. Although the provisions regulating sharenting are scattered across many pieces of legislation, they provide a fairly solid basis for the protection of a child's image. France is proposed as an example of a country that has introduced specific regulations concerning the publication of children's images in social media.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: sharenting
  topic: keywords
subject: media społecznościowe
  topic: keywords
subject: ochrona dzieci
  topic: keywords
subject: prawo do wizerunku
  topic: keywords
subject: prawo do prywatności
  topic: keywords
subject: władza rodzicielska
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Majer
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
doi: 10.32082/fp.2(86).2025.1320

Czy prawo francuskie może stanowić wzór dla regulacji realizacji zabezpieczeń na dobrach cyfrowych?
type: item
description: The article characterises forms of security interest that may have digital assets as their object under French law, i.e. pledge, financial pledge and security fiduciary. It then categorises the methods of realisation of security interests into those based on the sale of goods and those based on the seizure of goods by the creditor, and analyses their advantages and disadvantages in relation to digital assets. It also addresses the question of how the specificity of digital assets require consideration of the will and cooperation of the parties vis-a-vis traditional security rights. The systematisation of French law on securities is complemented by the right of retention, the discussion of which was intended to answer the question of what relevance the actual authority and control over the digital asset has for the effective realisation of the security right.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: zabezpieczenia
  topic: keywords
subject: realizacja zabezpieczeń
  topic: keywords
subject: zabezpieczenia na dobrach cyfrowych
  topic: keywords
subject: dobra cyfrowe
  topic: keywords
subject: prawo francuskie
  topic: keywords
creator: Maciej Bujalski
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
doi: 10.32082/fp.2(86).2025.1319

Przedmiot nadzoru administracyjnego nad sądownictwem - propozycja reinterpretacji instytucji
type: item
description: The article focuses on the subject scope of the institution of administrative supervision in the judiciary. This is an institution that aims to increase the efficiency of the administration of justice. Its assessment must take into account not only statutory regulations, but also constitutional regulations, in particular the right to a court. The aim of the article is to evaluate existing regulations, taking into account the statements presented in case law and legal doctrine. In this context, proposals are presented for reinterpreting the institution of administrative supervision. It must take into account the principles of separation of powers and the principle of judicial independence.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: nadzór administracyjny
  topic: keywords
subject: niezależność sądownictwa
  topic: keywords
subject: niezawisłość sędziowska
  topic: keywords
subject: system władzy sądowniczej
  topic: keywords
subject: organizacja sądownictwa
  topic: keywords
creator: Jan Olszanowski
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
doi: 10.32082/fp.2(86).2025.1318

Fenomen tak zwanych zabójczych przejęć jako wyzwanie prawa konkurencji - w poszukiwaniu istoty zjawiska
type: item
description: The phenomenon of so-called killer acquisitions, as a subject of interest in competition law, is mired in considerable terminological and conceptual confusion. The purpose of this article is to clarify the concept of a killer acquisition, as well as examine to what extent it corresponds to reality. The method is a case study, conceived as a kind of contribution to further research on competition law implications of the phenomenon of killer acquisitions, which are presented in a separate study. As the case of the failed Visa/Plaid acquisition seems to convince, the concept of a killer acquisition is not just an abstract construct belonging to the theory of competition law and economics. As it turns out, it can be - at least in some circumstances - a useful tool in antitrust proceedings, especially in cases where traditional antitrust tools prove insufficient.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: zabójcze przejęcia
  topic: keywords
subject: kontrola koncentracji
  topic: keywords
subject: nadużycie dominacji
  topic: keywords
subject: prawo konkurencji
  topic: keywords
subject: prawo antymonopolowe
  topic: keywords
subject: konkurencja
  topic: keywords
subject: innowacje
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajmund Molski
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
doi: 10.32082/fp.2(86).2025.1317

Aspekty prawne zastosowania sztucznej inteligencji w zrównoważonej żegludze morskiej
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) begins to have a significant impact on the maritime industry - from ship design and construction to the automation of ship guidance and autonomous units. On the one hand, the integration of AI into the shipping industry brings many benefits, such as increased operational efficiency, reduced human error, improved safety or reduced CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. On the other hand, the development of autonomous shipping raises concerns such as cyber security and liability for accidents and damage caused by autonomous vessels. A comprehensive legal framework is neededfor ensuring the sustainable development of the application of artificial intelligence in shipping. Creating the framework requires extensive international cooperation. Legal solutions should take into account the unique challenges of vessels using AI as well as provide clear guidelines for their safe and responsible operation in international waters.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: sztuczna inteligencja w żegludze morskiej
  topic: keywords
subject: zrównoważona żegluga morska
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: statki autonomiczne
  topic: keywords
subject: MASS
  topic: keywords
subject: Kodeks MASS
  topic: keywords
subject: smart ships
  topic: keywords
subject: IMO
  topic: keywords
subject: Safety Management System
  topic: keywords
creator: Dominika Wetoszka
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
doi: 10.32082/fp.2(86).2025.1316

Konne zaprzęgi do Morskiego Oka a prawnokarna ochrona zwierząt - kilka uwag na tle występku znęcania się nad zwierzętami
type: item
description: The impetus for the study was the recording of the accident of a horse pulling a sled on the route to Morskie Oko, which in early May 2024 stirred public opinion and prompted a debate on the welfare of animals working in tourism. The article affirms that the use of horse-drawn carriages to transport tourists complies with animal protection laws, provided that all regulatory and statutory requirements for the welfare of horses are strictly observed. Violations of these regulations, such as overloading horses, beating them, forcing sick or old animals to work, and exposing them to adverse weather conditions, may constitute the crime of animal abuse. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal and criminal law aspects of using horses in mountain tourism, ensuring that the audience is well-informed and knowledgeable about the topic.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: ustawa o ochronie zwierząt
  topic: keywords
subject: przeciążanie koni
  topic: keywords
subject: znęcanie się nad zwierzętami
  topic: keywords
subject: używanie zwierząt do pracy
  topic: keywords
creator: Diana Dajnowicz-Piesiecka
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
doi: 10.32082/fp.2(86).2025.1315

Profesor doktor habilitowany Fryderyk Zoll starszy (1824-1917)
type: item
description: .Teaching Roman law in the first half of the 19th century was fraught with numerous difficulties: the lecturers lacked sufficient preparation, there were frequent changes in the academic staff, and the university was undergoing Germanization. In these conditions, Professor Fryderyk Zoll senior took over the leadership of the Chair of Roman Law, a position he held for the next 44 years. During this period of teaching, publishing, and involvement in matters concerning the Jagiellonian University, he restored the high academic standard of the Roman law lectures. In his scholarly work, he specialized in Roman private law, particularly in the areas of property law, inheritance law, and the law of obligations. He also conducted source-based research. His textbook Pandekta continues to be a source of inspiration today.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: Katedra Prawa Rzymskiego
  topic: keywords
subject: nauczanie prawa
  topic: keywords
subject: rzymskie prawo prywatne
  topic: keywords
subject: Uniwersytet Jagielloński
  topic: keywords
subject: wykłady prawa rzymskiego
  topic: keywords
creator: Karolina Wyrwińska
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
doi: 10.32082/fp.1(85).2025.1309

Paschalis Stanisław Mancini - myśl prawna i polityczna wobec wydarzeń końca XIX wieku
type: item
description: Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, an esteemed Italian jurist, significantly impacted both the legal and political landscapes of the 19th century. The article examines Mancini's life, highlighting his early interest in law and democracy, fueled by his formative years coinciding with a tumultuous period of Italian history. It follows his journey as he navigates political upheaval in Naples, ultimately leading to his exile in Turin, where he becomes a prominent legal scholar. The paper further explores Mancini's key role in shaping international law, particularly his concept of nationality. Furthermore, the article sheds light on Mancini's later political career, including his time as Minister of Foreign Affairs and his controversial stance on colonial policy, which, despite criticism, he believed that it could be implemented responsibly and ethically. Finally, the text emphasizes the enduring legacy of Mancini's contributions to legal thought and practice, exemplified by his role in founding the Institut de Droit International, an organization later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: prawo międzynarodowe
  topic: keywords
subject: Paschalis Stanisław Mancini
  topic: keywords
subject: obywatelstwo
  topic: keywords
subject: Instytut Prawa Międzynarodowego
  topic: keywords
creator: Luigi Lai
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
doi: 10.32082/fp.1(85).2025.1308

Podstawy prawne działalności inwestycyjnej banków
type: item
description: In addition to conducting their activity in the traditional deposit and credit markets, banks play a significant role in the capital market. Investment banking, in its broadest sense, boils down to banks performing functions that are critical to the infrastructure of trading in financial instruments; from providing new products to the market, through advising and brokering the placement of securities, to safekeeping financial instruments. The most basic investment activity, however, is the allocation activity, which consists in allocating financial surpluses into assets, or in other words, executing transactions. Banks generally performs such activities in four models: (i) for their own account, (ii) in limited form through their treasury departments (iii) in full form through brokerage branch, and (iv) through subsidiaries. The article analyzes what extent of regulation characterizes each of the models presented, and the relationship between the legal basis for performing these activities and the catalogue of banking activities. For this reason, the article interprets the provisions of the Banking Law and the Act on Trading in Financial Instruments, as well as other related regulations, with a particular focus on the changes introduced by the Act on Ensuring the Development of the Financial Market.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: działalność inwestycyjna
  topic: keywords
subject: obrót instrumentami finansowymi
  topic: keywords
subject: rynek kapitałowy
  topic: keywords
subject: czynności maklerskie
  topic: keywords
subject: czynności bankowe
  topic: keywords
subject: bankowość inwestycyjna
  topic: keywords
subject: bankowość uniwersalna
  topic: keywords
subject: książka własna
  topic: keywords
subject: departament skarbu
  topic: keywords
subject: biuro maklerskie
  topic: keywords
subject: dom maklerski
  topic: keywords
subject: firma inwestycyjna
  topic: keywords
subject: tajemnica bankowa
  topic: keywords
creator: Adam Drgas
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
doi: 10.32082/fp.1(85).2025.1307

Między sądem a dialogiem: alternatywne rozwiązywanie sporów administracyjnych w świetle standardów Rady Europy
type: item
description: The article discusses alternative methods of resolving administrative disputes in the context of Recommendation No. R (2001)9 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. It explores various approaches such as mediation, conciliation, arbitration, negotiated settlements, and internal review of administrative acts, emphasizing their role in preventing and resolving conflicts between public administration and private entities. The article outlines potential benefits, such as reducing the burden on courts, enhancing public participation, and increasing administrative efficiency. Using Poland as a case study, the author examines the implementation of ADR methods in light of existing legal regulations, such as the Administrative Procedure Code. The article highlights the limited use of administrative mediation and the need to promote it.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: alternatywne metody rozwiązywania sporów
  topic: keywords
subject: ADR
  topic: keywords
subject: spory administracyjne
  topic: keywords
subject: mediacja
  topic: keywords
subject: administracja publiczna
  topic: keywords
creator: Bartłomiej Chludziński
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
doi: 10.32082/fp.1(85).2025.1306

Prawo a życzliwość. Czy charakter można nakazać?
type: item
description: Benevolence is considered a moral virtue, with its meaning rooted in the desire for the well-being of others. While benevolence may seem disconnected from the realm of law at first glance, it is nonetheless regarded as a noble ideal. It would be a misconception to perceive the law as devoid of virtues, although there is a notable distinction between concepts such as justice and benevolence. The article demonstrates that legal systems incorporate benevolence either directly or indirectly. This is evidenced by the Polish provisions concerning the professional duties of officials, as well as codes of ethical practice governing the activities of physicians and nurses. The central question posed in the article is whether the character of a person can be mandated by legal provisions. Implicit in this question is the assumption that benevolence is a character trait.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: życzliwość
  topic: keywords
subject: jurysprudencja cnót
  topic: keywords
subject: moralizm prawny
  topic: keywords
subject: funkcje prawa
  topic: keywords
subject: moralny charakter
  topic: keywords
creator: Łukasz Mirocha
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
doi: 10.32082/fp.1(85).2025.1305

O statusie prawnym osoby wykonującej pracę niewidzialną
type: item
description: The term invisible work is a symbolic one as it describes work that does not generate income (unpaid work) and remains strongly related to the life situation of a given person, but at the same time the effects of this work remain as visible as possible. This concept is sociologically defined but has no legal definition. Invisible work is a social phenomenon, and since it is not an individual phenomenon, but one that concerns the whole (collective), the State should be obliged to act. Meanwhile, this work is not included in GDP calculations, despite generating three times more profit for the global economy than the technology industry. The state and legal systems do not recognize this type of work, as it is considered a voluntary part of consumption and thus falls completely outside legal structures. It is assumed that household chores are a woman's natural responsibilities, and while they remain extremely valuable, women tend to be encouraged to do unpaid work. Therefore, we should first try to legally define this phenomenon and then answer the question why such work is not adequately protected under the law. Can a person who performs invisible work therefore be called an employee, even though the person performs unpaid work and lacks the characteristic of subordination? And if the person performs caregiving duties maybe they should at least have insured status?
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: praca niewidzialna
  topic: keywords
subject: praca nieodpłatna
  topic: keywords
subject: obowiązki domowe
  topic: keywords
subject: obowiązki opiekuńcze
  topic: keywords
subject: pracownik konstytucyjny
  topic: keywords
creator: Justyna Czerniak-Swędzioł
creator: Ewelina Kumor-Jezierska
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
doi: 10.32082/fp.1(85).2025.1304

Tymczasowy charakter przywrócenia pracownika do pracy - transformacje
type: item
description: The temporary reinstatement of an employee has multiple functions, including, above all the protection of the permanence of the employment relationship, the protection of the employee, who is considered to be the weaker party to a contract. The issues of the optional or obligatory character of the jurisdiction of the labour court are also covered by the conducted analyses. The numerous amendments to legal provisions in this area in a short period of time warrant a question about the direction of evaluation of law in this area or the rationality of the enacted laws.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: stosunek pracy
  topic: keywords
subject: przywrócenie pracownika do pracy
  topic: keywords
subject: tymczasowe przywrócenie do pracy
  topic: keywords
subject: wypowiedzenie
  topic: keywords
subject: umowa na czas określony
  topic: keywords
subject: nakaz zatrudnienia
  topic: keywords
subject: zasady współżycia społecznego
  topic: keywords
creator: Robert Stefanicki
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
doi: 10.32082/fp.1(85).2025.1303

Obalenie domniemania, że do sprawcy przestępstwa należy mienie osoby trzeciej stanowiące korzyść pochodzącą z przestępstwa
type: item
description: The analysis focuses on the institution of rebuttal of the presumption according to which the assets which constitute the benefit derived from committing a crime, transferred to a third party, in fact or under any legal title, belongs to the perpetrator of the crime. The above presumption is rebutted if it is proven that, considering the circumstances in which the property or rights were acquired, it could not be presumed that the assets even indirectly, were derived from a criminal act. The author of the article argues that the presumption may be rebutted both in a criminal trial and a civil trial brought pursuant to Article 293(7) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In the first case, the forfeiture of assets in the possession of a third party will not be ordered. However, the effects of upholding a civil action depend on the moment when the final judgment is issued. If the civil court's judgment precedes the criminal court's one, a forfeiture order is excluded. In other cases, a civil court judgment will prevent the enforcement of a forfeiture order.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: przepadek
  topic: keywords
subject: domniemanie z art. 45§ 3 k.k.
  topic: keywords
subject: obalenie domniemania
  topic: keywords
subject: powództwo o ustalenie
  topic: keywords
creator: Joanna Misztal-Konecka
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
doi: 10.32082/fp.1(85).2025.1302

The Application of Artificial Intelligence-Based Decision-Assisting Tools to the Mediation Process - an Analysis of Risk and Opportunities
type: item
description: The article analyzes risks and opportunities that relate to applying decisionassisting tools that are based on artificial intelligence (AI) technology to the mediation process. While discussing this topic, the author suggests how to mitigate the analysed risks or optimise benefits. A brief elaboration on workable definitions of AI and the decision-assisting tool is also provided, as well as some predictions as to the future of the applicability of new technologies in mediation. Remarks are also made about whether mediation is fit to change and able to embrace new technologies.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: new technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: mediation
  topic: keywords
subject: negotiation
  topic: keywords
subject: ADR
  topic: keywords
subject: alternative dispute resolution
  topic: keywords
subject: consensual dispute resolution
  topic: keywords
subject: decision-assisting tool
  topic: keywords
creator: Jacek Czaja
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-27
publication date: 2025-05-27
doi: 10.32082/fp.4(84).2024.1296

The Influence of Valtazar Bogišić on the Process of Japanese Civil Law Codification
type: item
description: The article provides a chronological account of Valtazar Bogisic's impact on the development of civil law codification in Japan. It identifies the key sources for the study in order to delve into the influence of Bogidic's 1888 General Property Code for the Principality of Montenegro on the Japanese civil codification process, divided into distinct chronological periods. The author examines the concept of legal transplants and discusses the role of aristocratic circles and cultural diplomacy in disseminating legal ideas and influences.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: Valtazar Bogišić
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil Codification in Japan
  topic: keywords
subject: Japanese Civil Code
  topic: keywords
subject: legal transplants
  topic: keywords
subject: family law
  topic: keywords
subject: Montenegro Code
  topic: keywords
creator: Janko Paunović
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-27
publication date: 2025-05-27
doi: 10.32082/fp.4(84).2024.1295

New Agreement on the Law of the Sea: Implementation of the Principle of Common Heritage of Humankind?
type: item
description: The notion of common heritage of humankind is still an important issue in the theory of international law. A few international agreements establish areas which are not part of the territory of any state and which should be used for the benefit of all nations. But conflicting interests of main powers lead to lack of general provisions on the common heritage of humankind and lack of universal recognition of this notion. The article concerns an international agreement: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, which presents a new, interesting approach to the problem of the common heritage of humankind, as it does not cover any particular area, but biological material and information about it.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
  topic: keywords
subject: common heritage of humankind
  topic: keywords
subject: Law of the sea
  topic: keywords
subject: law of outer space
  topic: keywords
subject: Antarctica
  topic: keywords
creator: Michał Matusiak
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-27
publication date: 2025-05-27
doi: 10.32082/fp.4(84).2024.1294

The Spurious Precedent of High Trees (1947): Excessive Judicial Law-Making in English Law
type: item
description: The article, after presenting the underpinnings of the doctrine of precedent (section 1), and acknowledging the law-making role of courts in England and Wales (section 2), focuses on the High Trees case decided in 1947. Section 3 presents its facts, section 4 outlines the reasoning that led to the judgment, while section 5 discusses the outcome of this ruling, which invited recognition of the so-called High Trees principle, which is the doctrine of promissory estoppel. While this case is the starting point for cases of promissory estoppel in modern law, it is also an illustration of how excessive judicial law-making can go beyond reasonable limits.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: English Law
  topic: keywords
subject: doctrine of precedent
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial law-making
  topic: keywords
subject: promissory estoppel
  topic: keywords
subject: legal history
  topic: keywords
creator: Jan Halberda
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-27
publication date: 2025-05-27
doi: 10.32082/fp.4(84).2024.1293

Inability to Bear Arbitration Costs as a Basis for Court's Refusal to Enforce Arbitration Agreement. Commentary on the Supreme Court Decision of 19 January 2024, case II CSKP 897/22
type: item
description: The paper analyses the groundbreaking decision issued by the Polish Supreme Court on 19 January 2024, case II CSKP 897/22, addressing the interplay between the enforceability of arbitration agreements and a party's financial inability to bear arbitration costs. The decision underscores the paramount importance of the right of access to justice, prioritizing it over contractual autonomy and the sanctity of agreements when arbitration becomes financially inaccessible. By invoking the principle of proportionality, the Court balanced the defendant's legitimate expectations of arbitration as the exclusive dispute resolution forum with the plaintiff's fundamental right to legal remedies, ultimately affirming that arbitration agreements must remain practically viable to be enforceable. While the judgment aligns with European judicial trends, such as those reflected in the ECHR and the EU Charter, the author argues it could have demanded more rigorous proof of plaintiffs' efforts to secure alternative funding, such as third-party financing.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: enforcement of arbitration agreements
  topic: keywords
subject: incapability of performance of the arbitration clause
  topic: keywords
subject: impecunious parties
  topic: keywords
subject: access to justice
  topic: keywords
subject: exemption from court costs
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrzej Olaś
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-27
publication date: 2025-05-27
doi: 10.32082/fp.4(84).2024.1292

New Prospects for Wealth Management in Poland? General Characteristics of the Family Foundation under the Act of 26 January 2023
type: item
description: Family foundation is a new legal institution, introduced into Polish law by the Act of 26 January 2023, intended to be a substitute for private or enterprise (industrial) foundations known in a vast majority of developed countries. The purpose of the article is to outline the concept and general characteristics of the Polish Family foundation as a new instrument fo the succession planning, wealth management and asset protection, introduce basic rules on its establishing and organisation and identify certain legislative deficiencies and failures, both in terms of the method of regulation and detailed solutions.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: family foundation
  topic: keywords
subject: private foundation
  topic: keywords
subject: enterprise foundation
  topic: keywords
subject: legal entity
  topic: keywords
subject: wealth management
  topic: keywords
subject: asset protection
  topic: keywords
subject: succession planning
  topic: keywords
subject: charter
  topic: keywords
subject: founder
  topic: keywords
subject: beneficiary
  topic: keywords
subject: management board
  topic: keywords
subject: supervisory board
  topic: keywords
subject: assembly of beneficiaries
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrzej Herbet
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-27
publication date: 2025-05-27
doi: 10.32082/fp.4(84).2024.1291

Adoption and the European Convention on Human Rights Law - Mapping Problems an Challenges
type: item
description: This article explores the interplay between adoption and the European Convention on Human Rights, analyzing the evolving standards established by the European Court of Human Rights. While the right to adopt is not explicitly guaranteed under the Convention, the Court has developed a growing body of case law addressing adoption-related issues through the lens of Article 8 (right to private and family life). The study critically examines the ECtHR's approach to the margin of appreciation doctrine and the subsidiarity principle. The authors argue that while the ECHR provides an effective framework for adoption-related rights, the ECtHR must ensure consistency in its jurisprudence to maintain its legitimacy and influence in shaping contemporary European societies.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: family life
  topic: keywords
subject: private life
  topic: keywords
subject: best interests of the child
  topic: keywords
subject: subsidiarity
  topic: keywords
subject: margin of appreciation
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Masłowiec
creator: Michał Kowalski
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-27
publication date: 2025-05-27
doi: 10.32082/fp.4(84).2024.1290

A New Life for Actio Popularis in International Law? The Prevention and Punishment of Genocide as an Interest of "the International Community as a Whole" before the International Court of Justice
type: item
description: In the Barcelona Traction case, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) made an 'essential distinction' between the obligations of States towards 'the international community as a whole' and their other obligations. The ICJ then included the protection of peoples against genocide among the former. The disputes currently pending before the Court under 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide seem to confirm that preventing, supressing and punishing genocide is the real community interest of all States. In particular cases brought by States not directly affected by the alleged violation of the prohibition of genocide, in particular, The Gambia v. Myanmar case, raise the question of the place and role of actio popularis in the judicial protection community interests in the international legal order.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: actio popularis
  topic: keywords
subject: community interest
  topic: keywords
subject: International Court of Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: obligations erga omnes
  topic: keywords
subject: prevention and punishment of genocide
  topic: keywords
subject: public interest standing
  topic: keywords
creator: Roman Kwiecień
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-27
publication date: 2025-05-27
doi: 10.32082/fp.4(84).2024.1289

Ogólnopolska konferencja naukowa "Kodyfikacja prawa zobowiązań w Polsce międzywojennej. Wzorzec i kontynuacja we współczesnym prawie polskim, litewskim i ukraińskim"
type: item
description: Ogólnopolska konferencja naukowa "Kodyfikacja prawa zobowiązań w Polsce międzywojennej. Wzorzec i kontynuacja we współczesnym prawie polskim, litewskim i ukraińskim"
subject: Artykuły recenzyjne
  topic: section
creator: Kamil Gryczyński
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-11-06
publication date: 2024-11-06
starting page: 108
ending page: 112
doi: 10.32082/fp.3.2024.1268

Zasady ogólne postępowania administracyjnego a sprawa ze sprzeciwu od decyzji kasacyjnej. Glosa do wyroku NSA z 15 lipca 2021 r., III OSK 5112/21
type: item
description: The commented judgment was issued in the case of an opposition to a reverse and remand decision issued by the appeal body. The appellant contested the reversal of the first-instance authority's decision, which reversal was justified by the said authority's failure to conduct the entire evidence proceedings. The judgment should be assessed as correct. Firstly, the scope of examination of the case arising from a opposition to a reverse and remand decision is narrow and covers only the examination of the grounds for the reversal of the decision by the appellate authority. Secondly, the principle of two-instance administrative proceedings takes precedence over the principle of speed of administrative proceedings. Therefore, the taking of evidence before the appellate authority may only be supplementary (which is why this authority was not able to conduct proceedings instead of the first-instance authority).
subject: Glosy
  topic: section
subject: sąd administracyjny
  topic: keywords
subject: dwuinstancyjność
  topic: keywords
subject: postępowanie sądowoadministracyjne
  topic: keywords
subject: sprzeciw od decyzji
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrzej Paduch
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-11-06
publication date: 2024-11-06
starting page: 99
ending page: 107
doi: 10.32082/fp.3.2024.1266

Analiza zasadności poglądu o ponoszeniu przez podmiot dotujący odpowiedzialności deliktowej za udzielenie dotacji oświatowej w zaniżonej wysokości
type: item
description: Doubts have been raised in case law as to the proper basis for beneficiaries' claims resulting from subsidizing entities failing to grant and pay educational subsidies, or providing and paying them in an amount lower than legally due. For many years, subsidized entities were granted a claim for performance in kind, but in recent years it was determined that this claim has a compensatory nature. In principle, this has led to establishment of a line of case law on the application of the provisions on contractual liability by analogy. Recently, however, in the Supreme Court's case law, a view has been expressed on the application of Article 417(1) of the Civil Code. This view is correct. First, the prerequisites for tort liability of the subsidizing entity are fulfilled. Second, the prerequisites of liability for damage caused in the exercise of public authority are fulfilled. Third, the prerequisites for liability for legislative or judicial unlawfulness are not fulfilled.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: dotacje oświatowe
  topic: keywords
subject: odpowiedzialność podmiotu dotującego
  topic: keywords
subject: odpowiedzialność deliktowa
  topic: keywords
subject: władza publiczna
  topic: keywords
creator: Paulina Wolszczak
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-11-06
publication date: 2024-11-06
starting page: 83
ending page: 98
doi: 10.32082/fp.3.2024.1264

Teoria przeszczepów prawnych jako paradygmat prawa porównawczego
type: item
description: While Watson was not the first to delve into the transfers of law across legal systems' boundaries, his seminal contribution marked the beginning of a sophisticated research stream, reaching the status of a comparative law paradigm. The paper advocates for the wider adoption of the concept of legal transplants by scholars, lawmakers and practitioners as a valuable intellectual framework. To substantiate the claim that the transplant theory is indeed a paradigm of comparative law, the author undertakes its reconstruction based on six key components, providing a concise overview of the central tenets of the legal transplant scholarship. The sheer volume of this scholarship shows that what Watson projected back in 1974 in the subtitle of his book has indeed come true. This paper also argues for building connections between legal transplants and related research streams, including cultural diffusion, diffusion of innovations and policy transfer.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: Alan Watson
  topic: keywords
subject: przeszczepy prawne
  topic: keywords
subject: prawo porównawcze
  topic: keywords
subject: paradygmat
  topic: keywords
subject: badania nad dyfuzją
  topic: keywords
creator: Przemysław Kusik
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-11-06
publication date: 2024-11-06
starting page: 42
ending page: 65
doi: 10.32082/fp.3.2024.1265

Zasady stanowienia prawa a uchwalanie zmian w kodyfikacjach karnych w latach 2020-2022
type: item
description: The purpose of the article is to present selected issues concerning the principles that should be observed when creating universally binding acts, with particular emphasis on distinct procedural elements related to the enactment of amend- ments to codifications. In what follows, the author describes the cases of viola- tions that occurred during the procedure of work on bills to amend the codes, evaluates these violations, and indicates proposals for legislative changes in the procedure of working on bills amending the codifications that should be adopted by the legislator.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: zasady prawidłowej legislacji
  topic: keywords
subject: zasady stanowienia prawa
  topic: keywords
subject: zmiany kodyfikacji karnych
  topic: keywords
subject: proces ustawodawczy
  topic: keywords
subject: Marszałek Sejmu
  topic: keywords
subject: Komisja Nadzwyczajna do spraw zmian w kodyfikacjach
  topic: keywords
creator: Agnieszka Pilch
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-11-06
publication date: 2024-11-06
starting page: 22
ending page: 41
doi: 10.32082/fp.3.2024.1263

Kilka uwag w kwestii celu dyrektywy sygnalizacyjnej 2019/1037 i jej zrównoważonego charakteru
type: item
description: The author focusses on the purpose of the EU directive on whistleblowers, which purpose is related to the creation of internal channels for reporting violations of law. He concludes that the obligation to create internal whistle- blowing channels is associated with the organization of compliance systems in various types of organizations, which corresponds to the current concepts of economic development of the European Union. Based on the assumption that the promotion of whistleblowing behaviours is dangerous for economic relations which are based on the specialization and extensive cooperation of people, the author also addresses the problem of balancing values and inter- ests in the character of a legal regulation. He suggests that the directive does not give grounds for a fair balance of various interests and values.
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: sygnalista
  topic: keywords
subject: wewnętrzne kanały dokonywania zgłoszeń naruszeń prawa
  topic: keywords
subject: społeczna odpowiedzialność biznesu
  topic: keywords
subject: zrównoważony rozwój
  topic: keywords
creator: Tomasz Długosz
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-11-06
publication date: 2024-11-06
starting page: 3
ending page: 21
doi: 10.32082/fp.3.2024.1262

Reforma systemu kauzalności w prawie francuskim
type: item
description: The 2016 reform eliminated the term cause from the French Civil Code. According to authors of the reform, it was intended to make the law simpler and more at- tractive, yet the functions of cause were to be retained. Concepts such as motive, aim, contrepartie convenue or contenu are even more ambiguous and obscure than the removed term. The aim of the article is to analyse the newly introduced regulations, including previous attempts to reform the French Civil Code and former regulation of the French Civil Code. As a result, the conducted research indicates that the reform did not eliminate the term cause from French civil law, because the content of new terms makes reference to the concept of cause still necessary. The manner in which the reform was carried out raises concerns that the reform contains loopholes. Additionally, the article discusses the differences and similarities between the Polish and French legal systems in the context of cause and its functions. Should the concept of cause in Polish law be abandoned?
subject: Artykuły
  topic: section
subject: reforma z 2016 r.
  topic: keywords
subject: cause
  topic: keywords
subject: francuski kodeks cywilny
  topic: keywords
subject: motyw
  topic: keywords
subject: cel
  topic: keywords
subject: contenu
  topic: keywords
creator: Paweł Hypiak
rights: Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Forum Prawnicze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2024-11-06
publication date: 2024-11-06
starting page: 66
ending page: 82
doi: 10.32082/fp.3.2024.1261